Understanding esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer starts in the inner layer of the esophageal wall. It may not cause symptoms early on. Learning the warning signs and risk factors may help you know what to look for. Knowing treatment options may help you feel more prepared to take the next steps in your care.1

Types of esophageal cancer: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

There are 2 main types of esophageal cancer:1

Both types can spread to nearby tissue and lymph nodes if not treated early.1

Common symptoms and warning signs

Early-stage esophageal cancer may not cause symptoms. As it grows, signs can include: 1,2

  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Chest discomfort or pressure
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Ongoing or worsening heartburn
  • Hoarseness or long-lasting cough

If symptoms last more than a few weeks or get worse, your provider may recommend tests to help find the cause.5

Risk factors and prevention strategies

Some risk factors for esophageal cancer can be managed or reduced. For example, the following factors increase the likelihood of developing esophageal cancer:1,3

  • Tobacco use
  • Heavy alcohol use
  • Long-term acid reflux
  • Barrett’s esophagus
  • Increasing age
  • Excess body weight

You can help lower your risk by avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, staying active and managing reflux.3

Diagnosis and staging

Diagnosis typically begins with an upper endoscopy. Then, samples from the endoscopy are examined and identified.4 Other tests — such as CT, PET or endoscopic ultrasound — help show if the cancer has spread and guide treatment options.5

Staging shows how far the cancer has progressed and helps guide the care plan.4, 5

Treatment options and what to expect

Treatment will depend on the cancer type, its stage and your overall health.1, 5

Common options include:

Care teams often combine these treatments to improve outcomes and manage side effects. Nutrition support and counseling may help during recovery.1,5

Living with esophageal cancer: support and resources

Care and support are an important part of treatment. Seeing a nutritionist or social worker or going to a cancer support group may help.1 Take an active role in your care by learning about your condition, asking questions and leaning on your support network. This can help you feel more confident throughout your treatment journey.

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